Union Membership Essay Example for Free

Union Membership EssayWith great attention being placed on medication base hit and reduction of wellness give care costs, involvement of cultivation technology in health care is increasing (Kuperman Gibson, 2003). Examples of this so-called patient care information organisations are vow entry systems, medical records systems, radiology information systems and patient information systems with Computerized Provider send Entry, or Computer Physician Order Entry, (CPOE) receiving valu subject attention (Ash, Berg, Coiera, 2004).Thus, this opus will be focused on CPOE as an emerging health care technology. CPOE, as defined by (Campbvell et al. , 2006), is the process by which physicians or their surrogates (but non intermediaries) directly enter medical orders into a computer application (p. 547). With this transformation from handwriting orders into encoding them into the computer, CPOE is seen as an key platform for the enhancement of health care delivery (Gibson Kuperma n, 2003).Gibson and Kuperman (2003) have noted the positive outcomes of CPOE in the following areas a) preventive care measures b) compliance with drug monitoring c) laboratory psychometric test ordering d) radiologic test ordering e) medication error reduction f) decrease length of hospital stay g) time-saving communication with the healthcare team h) standardization of practice i) clinical finding support and, j) storage of data for management, quality, and research monitoring.Thus, CPOE is seen as the ticket for the avoidance of underuse, misuse, and overuse of health care (Gibson Kuperman, 2003) with endorsements from the Leapfrog Group as being an important leap for health care quality (Gibson Kuperman, 2003). Yet, as in any other technology, the complexity, advanced features, and high demands of CPOE can lead to consequences that are unintentional (Campbell et al. , 2006).though CPOE likewise bears positive and beneficial UCs, the alarming negative consequences which aff ects the healthcare, especially that of nursing services, will be the focus of this study with the aim of presenting the adverse UCs of victimisation such an emerging health care technology. CPOE NOT ALL GOOD Campbell and colleagues (2006) conducted a study that pointed out to 9 different unintended consequences of CPOE to healthcare.In fall frequency, these UCs are a) more/ wise work for clinicians b) workflow issues c) never ending system demands d) paper persistence e) changes in communication patterns and practices f) negative emotions g) unsanded kinds of errors h) changes in the power structure and i) overdependence on technology (p. 549). (See table 1). Among these UCs, others affect the medical headmasters or the healthcare organizations only while some encompasses its effect on nursing services.Since this paper is focused on the UCs that affect the clinical nursing care, focus is given on the following UCs of CPOE a) workflow issues and, b) changes in communication patt erns and practices. Workflow Issues Clinical workflows are complex thereby necessitating dynamism (Campbell et al. 2006). With traditionalistic health care workflows, travel are more adaptable and acknowledge a variety of checks and balances, interventions and exceptions (Campbell et al. , 2006). These consist of several concurrent and asynchronous steps that could adjust, cease, or intervene in the processing of medical orders (Campbell et al., 2006). CPOE, as evidenced by the study of Campbell et al. , (2006), abolish these multiple interdependent steps resulting in lesser procedure reviews and greater potential hardships. CPOE has clinical ordering processes that follow predictable steps where the doctor encodes and order, the system delivers it to the rightful destination, the order is processed, and the request is acted upon (Campbell et al. , 2006). But then, this rigid adaptation of hospital procedures is different from what occurs in the authorized setting (Campbell et a l. , 2006).In real practice, simultaneous actions on wide dimensions like assessing patients, carrying out orders, and responding to emergencies, require flexibility by healthcare providers especially that of nurses (Ash, Berg, Coiera, 2004). As Campbell et al. (2006) note, nurses are with good experiences are able to blend orders as necessary. Ash, Berg, and Coiera (2004) agrees to this by stating that in everyday health care work, experienced nurses are more often knowledgeable about medications than many other junior physicians who populate the ward.With the strict implementation of rules by CPOE, this flexibility of nurses especially in areas of emergency care and stat actions are disregarded and are not permitted (Campbell et al. , 2006). This is in favor of quality and management control, but has great risks for health care provision (Campbell et al. , 2006). This shows CPOEs failure to support individual role players and work-shifting in the health care area that may lead to ineffective work activity synchronizations (Capmbell et al. , 2006).As such, this lack of support for the highly flexible and fluid ways of real life clinical workflow is burdensome for medical and nursing professionals (Ash, Berg, Coiera, 2004). Changes in Communication Patterns and Practices Health care professionals are connected by sharing professional opinions and needs through noting progress and conducting referrals (Ash, Berg, Coiera, 2004). CPOE alters this traditional pattern by replacing previously interpersonal conversations regarding provision of care with a computer system that creates problems in the clinical care work (Campbell et al. , 2006).By communicating only through the computer, physicians are provided with an illusion of communication by believing that entry of an order into the system guarantees that proper people will receive it and take appropriate actions (Campbell et al. , 2006). This places the blame on nurses for non-carrying out of orders as they are expected to have performed it (Campbell et al. , 2006). But with a fast-paced work in wards and special areas, nurses are more often on bedside care rather than facing the computer resulting in slow down notice of new orders, or worse non-information at all (Campbell et al., 2006). Also, the time that elapsed from the physician seeing the patient and encoding the order may take extraordinary moments that may consist of changes in the status of the patients condition (Campbell et al. , 2006). This results in un punctual orders received by nurses, who are the implementers of such encoded orders. Communication also involves more than transferring information. More importantly, it is about evaluating the persons reception and understanding of the situation and the willingness to intervene on that information through feedbacks (Ash, Berg, Coiera, 2004).With face-to-face conversations by doctors and nurses, timely feedbacks are given by each resulting to more appropriate interven tions (Campbell et al. , 2006). With CPOE, the lessened feedback leads to orders missed, diagnostic tests delayed, and medications not given at all because timely feedbacks have not been exchanged (Ash, Berg, Coiera, 2004). This disregard for interpersonal communications by CPOE can be troublesome for the clinical work.With a reduction in face-to-face communications, errors due to miscommunications, delayed actions, and fewer team-wide discussions may result (Campbell et al. , 2006). CONCLUSION With the complexity and imperfections of human operations, even emerging technologies with good intentions are expected to have, in one way or the other, unintended consequences. In the light of CPOEs, though intentions are directed towards improving safety and quality of health care, some effects result as this new technology is embraced by healthcare practice that has long survived without the use of such.As it affects aspects of healthcare, nurses, who implement most of the orders entered by doctors through CPOEs, are also affected. As CPOE disrupts the stodgy health care workflow, it also changes the flexible roles of nurses and care providers in terms of clinical work and responsibilities. In the light of CPOE changing interpersonal communication practices, the traditional face-to-face interactions are lessened thereby leading to poor coordination among nurses and physicians and other ancillary care providers.Thus, with the promise benefits of CPOE, a clear review of the already cognize and possible unintended consequences to health and nursing care must be made if CPOE is to be imposed in health settings. By doing so, preparations for these effects may be made leading to a more enjoyment of CPOE good effects rather than suffering from its adverse unintended consequences. References Ash, J. S. , Berg, M. , Coiera, E. (2004). Some unintended consequences of information technology in health care The nature of patient care information system-related errors.Journal of the American Medical Infromatics Association, 11, 104-112. Campbell, E. M. , Sittig, D. F. , Ash, J. S. , Guappone, K. P. , Dykstra, R. H. (2006). Types of unintended consequences related to Computerized Provider Order Entry. Journal of the American Medical Infromatics Association, 13 (5), 547-556. Coyne, C. J. (2008). Unintended consequences. In Fortier, J. (Ed. ), Key concepts in free markets Executive summaries in the History and theory of free market economics, 115-138. Vancouver, BC The Fraser Institute.Kuperman, G. J. Gibson, R. F. (2003). Computer physician order entry Benefits, costs, and issues. Annals of Internal Medicine, 139, 31-39. Merton K. (1936). The unanticipated consequences of purposive social action. American Sociological Review, 1, 894-904. MSN Encarta (2008). Side effect. Retrieved October 23, 2008, from http//encarta. msn. com/dictionary_/side%2520effects. hypertext mark-up language Spratto, G. R. Woods, A. L. (2008). PDR Nurses Drug Handbook, vii-xvi i. United States Thomson Delmar Learning.

Journal Analysis Essay Example for Free

Journal Analysis EssayCurrent views of the world, desires, dreams, goals, and the demands placed upon society be incessantly transformed by present epistemic beliefs. Schommer-Aikens and Hutter (2002) investigated the relationship between an individuals belief almost knowledge, learning or epistemic beliefs and how this relates to average conversational issues (Schommer-Aikens , Hutter, 2002). Using a body of work group of 174 adults ranging in age from 17 to 71, Schommer-Aikens and Hutter (2002) posed questions assessing beliefs of knowledge and the speed control of learning.Feldman addressed how assumptions become scientific knowledge by stating sometimes we know things by reasoning or inference. When we know some facts and see that those facts support some further fact, we can come to know that further fact. scientific knowledge, for example, seems to arise from inferences from observational entropy (Feldman, 2003, p. 3). Understanding how assumptions move into scienti fic knowledge it becomes app arnt how these assumptions are qualified in interrogation.The authors used regression analysis to value the assumptions of the participants as they relate to knowledge, learning, multiple perspectives, and finally the development of epistemological beliefs. This analysis will further identify philosophical assumptions underlying the research explain the hard-nosed significance of these assumptions and their effect on its applicability to other authors and post-positive thinkers. philosophical Assumptions Underlying the Research.Feldman (2003) stated that epistemology, the theory of knowledge is a philosophy that looks into the questions about knowledge and rational. Epistemologists tend to focus or concentrate on questions of principal aspects involving knowledge and how those beliefs regulate coherent belief. Those within the field are less concerned about the validity of knowledge or coherent belief, be it correct or incorrect but focus more on cau ses (Feldman, 2003, p. 1). To that extent Schommer-Aikens and Hutter (2002) conducted a quite a little of 174 participants, including 120 women and 54 men.The ages of the participants ranged from 17 to 71 years of age and included various personal and educational backgrounds. Through the Schommer epistemological questioner participants, including chemical engineers, clerks, homemakers, grinder workers, pharmacists, and teachers of both genders. These participants were asked a number of questions that incorporated religious, educational, societal and personal beliefs. Questions were ranked in a likert- type scale ranging from strongly disagrees to strongly agree (Schommer-Aiker, Hutter, 2002). Philosophical Assumptions.Schommer-Aikens and Hutter state The results coming from epistemological research suggest that individuals beliefs about the nature of knowledge and learning are linked to their comprehension, metacomprehension, interpretation of learning and persistence in working on difficult academic tasks (Schommer-Aikens, Hutter, 2002, p. 6). The authors contend that individuals who believe knowledge is isolated into segmented bits and not taken as a sum total perform more poorly in the compression of mathematical, physiological, and medical textbooks (Schommer-Aikens, Hutter, 2002).This statement confirms that knowledge or epistemological commitments are a entreaty of data and understanding and not segmented or isolated bits of information. The assumption is those who tend to segregate knowledge and who do not attain a higher(prenominal) degree of education have difficulty in their own epistemological commitments. This is further evident in the writings of Quine and Kuhn as these authors beleive science is a extension of common-sense (Delanty Strydom, 2003, p. 22).According to these authors common, everyday decisions made by the common man and woman play a significant role in the creation of science. Whereas the purpose of the epistemological study wa s to extend epistemological beliefs to an individuals everyday life, it was too designed to reflect on academic studies. This particular article using the Schommer epistemological belief survey makes several assumptions.Those assumptions state those with a higher level of education are more likely to take on multiple perspectives, guard decisions until information was available, acknowledge the complexness of everyday issues and were willing to modify thought processes or cerebration (Schommer-Aikens, Hutter, 2002). The inference is those who take knowledge as a disposition of data, not as segmented bits on with the attaining of a higher level of education were equipped for complex or critical cerebration.This enabled each to understand the complexity of life, make crucial decisions, understand varying viewpoints and able to adapt as understanding grew.These assumptions have a practical significance and affect research. The Practical conditional relation of Assumptions and Th eir Effect on Research Inferences and practical assumptions are drawn during the research of this article, and one could argue some of the assumptions made were drawn before the research study ever began. Through personal epistemological beliefs society has long held the conviction those who attain a higher level of education are able to traverse with the complexities of life.The practical significance of assumptions and their effect on the research conducted are visible in the work of Johnson and Duberley as they state both within and outside of our organizations our style is internally motivated, and internally justified, by what we believe about the World (Johnson Duberley, 2000, p. 2). Often in preparing for such a survey the focus group of participants used along with the questions themselves gouge the data and thus the results to achieve a desired result.While in this case the participants have diverse backgrounds and have achieved differing degrees of education, making su ch assertions could distort data. Assumptions and Research Methodology Kuhn preferred historical science and by building upon prior knowledge Kuhn (2012) believes this research and evidence was already available enabling that data to be tested using deferring mechanisms to either prove or disprove a current or prior theory.While not opposed to the empiric testing, it was his belief that details must be obtained for research. It is through this historical science and data that assumptions within society and within science about our understanding of epistemological belief have come into existence. Popper states the empirical method makes good use of a criticized approach to the method (Delanty Strydom, 2003). The empirical method tests each system ensuring the best(p) system moves forward after all methods have been tried, tested, and proved.Schommer-Aikens and Hutter (2000) used questions, including You never know what a book means unless you know the intent of the author and Its a waste of time to work on problems which have no possibility of coming out with clear-cut and unambiguous answers (Schommer-Aikens, Hutter, 2000). These answers along with others were used as a measurement in epistemological belief comparing their answers and their level of education to gauge how those answers compared with historical norms (Schommer-Aikens, Hutter, 2000).This data was then taken and a regression manakin developed to extract the stated research and ultimately assumptions made. Schommer-Aikens and Hutter (2000) in turn came to the same assumptions and epistemological commitments already held within social and physical science to date. The research quantified and validated the assumptions held by historical science that ones epistemological beliefs are shaped and re-shaped by the ability to link through learning, multiple perspectives, and ultimately the development of epistemological beliefs.The ability for humans to use successfully address complex issues, attain paradigm shifts in their understanding of the world and develop are inevitably linked with thought processes and knowledge gained through higher education. Conclusion A persons thoughts, feelings, emotion, and beliefs often shape ones decision-making process. Other components, including perception, memory, introspection, and reasoning also assist in the formation of opinions, shape our knowledge, and transform an individuals viewpoint (Feldman, 2003, p.3).Perception is how one sees the world around them, the sights, sounds, smells, and other senses creates an understanding of the external environment creating a mental image and often places an attachment to it. Through their research Schommer-Aikens and Hutter (2002) investigated the relationship between and individuals belief about knowledge, learning or epistemological beliefs and how this relates to average conversational issues (Schommer-Aikens , Hutter,2002).Using the regression model the authors quantified the beliefs and ass umptions the conclusion of which is a culmination of historical science supported by this recent research. While post-positive thinking like Kuhn, Quine, and Popper may differ in view about the empirical method, testing, and paradigm shifts as theories change over time the core belief of epistemological commitment remain comparable. A sentence sums up this article and the accompanying research as it pertains to epistemological belief.Those with a higher level of education are more likely to take on multiple perspectives, withhold decisions until information was available, acknowledge the complexity of everyday issues and were willing to modify thought processes or thinking (Schommer-Aikens, Hutter, 2002). References Delanty, G. Strydom, P. (Eds). (2003). Philosophies of Social Science The Classic and Contemporary readings. Philadelphia, Pa Mcgraw-Hill. https//ecampus. phoenix. edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content Feldman, R. (2003). Epistemology. Prentice Hall.The University of Phoeni x. https//ecampus. phoenix.edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content. Kuhn, T. (2012). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago, Il. University of Chicago Press . https//ecampus. phoenix. edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content. Schommer-Aikins, M. , Hutter, R. (2002). epistemological Beliefs and Thinking About Everyday Controversial Issues. Journal Of Psychology, 136(1), 5.https//ecampus. phoenix. edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content. Johnson, P. Duberley, J. (2000). Understanding Management Research An Introduction to Epistemology. Thousand Oaks CA. Sage Publishing. Prentice Hall. https//ecampus. phoenix. edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content.

Capitalism, Modernism and Postmodernism

Capitalism, contemporaneity and PostmodernismEageltons essay, Capitalism, Modernism and Postmodernism, was first published in the New Left Review in 1983 in which his post loss analysis of writings is exposed. He accounts for capitalism influence on art and its lineament. The capitalist and late capitalist areas have seen two new forms of belles-lettres come forth modern and postmodern. The modern, Eagleton explains, In bracketing off the real social world, establishes a critical, negating distance between itself and the ruling social order1, while postmodern works accepts the concomitant that it is a commodity and thus conflicts between its material reality and its aesthetic structure. Capitalism has turned art into a commodity, and after analysing this cl arrive, the characteristics of modern and postmodern genres bequeath be analysed, so as to understand literatures role.Eagleton explains how High modernity was born at a stroke with mass commodity culture.2 Capitalism, a s defined by Marx is the bourgeois doctrine by which they are in possession of the modes of production and manufacture goods, sold for a profit. According to most loss thinkers, including Eagleton, art became one of the goods that the bourgeoisie wants to monopolise, produce and sell. Art has become a commodity, dissolved into social life. Eagleton denounces the effects of late capitalism on art if the artefact is a commodity, the commodity can always be an artefact. Art and life indeed interbreed3. Eagleton points out that that the performative principle, which he redefines as the deliverance of goods, overly applies to the capitalist conception of art. The use of best seller as criteria of advertisement for literature proves that literature has become a mass commodity good.Art and literature have been influenced by some characteristics of late capitalism, such as virtual reality based on mass consumerism. Our society counselinges on commodities sold to and ideologically integr ated by the consumer The commodity is less an image in the sense of a reflection than an image of itself, its entire material being devoted to its witness self-presentation4. Art has become centred on its own image, role and place within society, because it has somehow lost its utopian role of reverberateing the world, as if capitalism has perverted its manoeuvre If the unreality of the artistic image mirrors the unreality of its society as a whole, then it is to say that it mirrors nothing real and so does not rightfully mirror at all.5Modernism and postmodernism are genres that emerged in the capitalist and late capitalist stages. They seem to have a common point to focus on their role and concentrate on self identity. Eagleton uses de Mans deconstructivist theory to define modernism Literature defines and pre-empts its own cultural institutionalisation by textually introjecting it, hugging the very bondage which bind it, discovering its own negative form of transcendence in its power of literally naming, and thus segmentially distancing, its own failure to engage in the real.6 Modernism attempts at representing the real, but cannot do so and raises a paradox it resists commodification7 but is nonetheless part of it, thus part of the social and cultural superstructure of society, which it denies. Denying being part of the capitalist mass commodity is the very core of modern failure to represent the real.Postmodernism appears as a more cynical genre. Some of its features are the blurring of boundaries, potpourri and grotesque. It does not attempt to represent the world, since it is virtual, and would thus fail to describe it. Postmodernism seems to be very different from modernism on the ground that If the work of art really is a commodity, it might as well admit it8 and become aesthetically what it is economically9. Eagleton also suggests that postmodersism aims at parodying the commodity production, without adding any sum in it if meaning was added in the pastiche, making it parody, it would serve to alienate the self from reality, and according to postmodern thought, there is no reality it can be alienated from. All these features aim at empting the social content of art.Eagleton assessed the features of literature genres characteristic of capitalist stages, in order to draw a critical and theoretical approach of literature. He seems to focus on its ideological role, which is, more than its representational value, its only role left. Modernism deconstructs the unified subject of bourgeois humanism, draws upon key negative aspects of the actual experience of such subject in late bourgeois society, which often enough does not at all correspond to the official ideological version.10 Indeed, literature acts as an ideology denouncing ideology. Capitalist ideology professes that mass consumption finally fulfils libidinal desires, when in fact, as modernism exposes, takes us away from our self and reality, from the unified subjecta harmonious societythat late bourgeoisie claims to have reached. Postmodernism, despite not embracing the reality of society, draws upon ideological inconsistencies of the bourgeois discourse, thus rendering itself ideological. It shows the incapacity of complying with the capitalist ideology the subject of late capitalism is neither simply the self-regulating synthetic agent posited by classical humanist ideology, nor merely a decentred vane of desire, but a contrary amalgam of the two.11 The impossibility for the self to comply with all its obligationsfamilial, consumering, workingin the late capitalist society is denounced by postmodernism. It seems that Eagleton places literature at the centre of ideology, as a resistance to bourgeois ideology. De man explains that the bases for historical knowledge are not empirical facts but written texts, even off if these texts masquerade in the guise of wars and revolution12 literature is at the heart of our knowledge, ideologically built, and seems to remain so, decades after the end of ideology was proclaimed.BIBLIOGRAPHYModern Criticism and Theory, a Reader. Ed. D. Lodge. Eagleton, Capitalism, Modernism and Postmodernism. Longman London and New York, 1988.1Footnotes1Modern Criticism and Theory, a Reader. Ed. D. Lodge. Eagleton, Capitalsim, Modernism and Postmodernism. Longman London and New York, 1988. p 392.2 ibidem3 Ibid. p386-387.4 Ibid. p.387.5 Ibid.6 Ibid. p.391.7 Ibid. p.392.8 Ibid.9 Ibid. p.393.10 Ibid. p.395.11 Ibid. p.396.12 Ibid. p.390.

DNA Transformation in Bacteria

desoxyribonucleic acid Transformation in Bacteria1.0 Introduction and ObjectivesThe efficacy of bacteria to turn back deoxyribonucleic acid from external sources is the primary reason for their survival and proliferation. Bacteria can take DNA from their surroundings or from opposite bacterial cells by cell wall-transfer. While an interesting phenomenon to examine for scientists, practically it is of great c at a timern for the human race and a source of constant challenge for the pharmaceutic Industry. The skill of bacteria to modify their patrimonial information has given rise to problems such as antibiotic resistance wherein bacteria become resistant to medications that were once effective in eliminating them. In this try out, we examine the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Circular DNA called plasmids be introduced in bacteria whose cells have been modified to promote uptake of plasmid DNA. This plasmid DNA forget give rise to antibiotic resistance in the bacteria, which can be observed by allowing the bacteria to proliferate in an milieu containing the antibiotic.Modification of genetic information in bacteria may be a source of concern, but that ability in the hands of humans has al ways been coveted. Genetic engineering is an increasingly popular research area given the breakthroughs made in recent eld and the potential for commercial application. Various applications require large quantities of specific DNA sequences and this is where the bacterial ability to uptake DNA and cast it is beneficial. Introducing plasmids containing desired sequences into bacteria, allowing bacteria to reproduce and thus isolating the required DNA is a common method employ to obtain large quantities of particular DNA sequences. This aspect is also explored in this experiment.1.1 ObjectivesThe objectives of this experiment are toa) Observe and examine the phenomenon of DNA Transformation.b) Observe the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria through the process of gene mutation.c) enlighten proper unfruitful Technique for laboratory procedures involving bacterial strains.2.0 PrinciplesThis section explores the underlying concept behind the experiment.Genetic Transformation is a process of flat gene transfer whereby DNA from the environment is interpreted up by a host cell. In this experiment bacterial cells are transformed. Escherichia Coli bacteria, which are generally non pathogenic are used in this experiment. The plasmids which constitute the external DNA contain a gene that makes the cell ampicillin resistant. Ampicillin is a bacteriostatic and will normally prevent the reproduction of E. Coli bacteria. This provides us with an easy way to test if gene renewal has occurred and to what extent by means of calculating the transformation qualification.The entrance of genetic material within the bacterial cell is do by the process of electroporation. Electroporation involves applying an electrical volt age across the bacterial cells containing the plasmids. The ionic concentration of the DNA is kept low to prevent arcing. When the voltage is applied, holes open up in the walls of the bacteria. The plasmids can then enter the bacterial cells through these holes. Application of the voltage is done for a very short period of time. As soon as electric current stops flowing, the holes in the cell wall begin to close. A nutrient rich medium is then added to the bacterial cells, some of which will have transformed, to aid cell recovery.Incubation is then carried out, after which the cell relief is diluted further and applied to agar plates containing the antibiotic. The cells are left to incubate for up to 24 hours and then the number of colonies determined. Calculating the transformation efficiency gives us a method to determine the extent to which the transformation occurred.3.0 Methods and Materials3.1 MaterialsThe equipment and materials required for this experiment are outlined in this section.Equipment RequiredA shaking incubator operating(a) at 37CA non-shaking incubatorAn electroporatorMaterials RequiredCells treated for competency2 agar plates with ampicillin with a concentration of 100 g/mlpUC-19 plasmids0.1 cm cuvettesIce in an ice-boxDeionised ultrapure waterS.O.C. medium at room temperature2 tubes with snap caps with a volume of 15 ml3.2 Sterile TechniqueSterile Technique is a must when handling pathogenic strains of bacteria. In this experiment, nonpathogenic bacterial strains are employed. However, using sterile technique is still healthy experimental procedure and promotes safety.Using sterile technique prevents errors in experimental results by preventing contamination from the surroundings. It also prevents contamination of the surrounding environment by the bacterial strain. Steps employed to prevent contamination includedCarrying out the experiment in an uncluttered area.Utilizing a fume hood to perform all procedures involving the bacteria. l aundry hands both before as well as after the experimentDisposing off all bacterial waste in the appropriate container for bio-hazardous materials.3.3 role3.3.1 Preparation for ElectroporationThe 0.1 cm cuvettes were cooled on ice.The electroporator was prepared based on prescribed settings.In order to bring the S.O.C. medium to room temperature, it was removed from the ice box.The cells and plasmids were allowed to disband in the ice-box.Plates were heated at 37C to prepare for the incubation process.3.3.2 ProceduresI l of pUC19 manoeuver DNA and 1 l of ultrapure water were added to 2 separate microcentrifuge tubes with the aid of a pipette. The tube was then placed in the ice-box.25 l of effective cells were added to each of the microcentrifuge tubes. The contents of the tubes were gently mixed. Care was taken to avoid usage of the pipette for mixing. The tubes were then transcended to the ice-box for 1 minute.The contents of each microcentrifuge tube were transferred to a cu vette using a pipette. It was ensured that the cells made contact with the cuvette walls and that no air-bubbles were present. This timber was done rapidly to prevent heating up of the cells.The cuvettes were then electroporated.250 l of S.O.C. medium was added to the cells immediately after electroporation.Each of the two suspensions was transferred to a 15 ml tube. The shaking incubator was then set to 225rpm and used to incubate the cells for an hour to allow expression of the acquired antibiotic resistance.10 l of the transformed taste was then added to 90 l of S.O.C. medium.The plates containing the ampicillin were then used. 20 l of each of the two diluted samples from step 7 was added to a plate. Even spreading of the sample on the agar medium was ensured.Using the non-shaking incubator, the plates were incubated at 37 C for a day and the results recorded.4.0 Results and Discussion4.1 Results Answers to Questions(1) Schematic of observations of the agar platesFigure 1 Resu lts as Indicated by the Agar Plates(2) Count the colonies and calculate the transformation efficiency.Number of colonies observed = 13Figure 2 Calculation of Transformation EfficiencyUsing the chemical formula shown in figure 2,Transformation efficiency = 1.78 1010 transformants/g plasmid DNA4.2 Discussion Answers to Questions(1) Define the vocabulary used in this experiment transformation, electroporation, host, plasmid, and competent.-TransformationTransformation is a process of horizontal gene transfer whereby DNA present in the environment of a cell is taken up by the cell. In this experiment the transformation involves the uptake of a plasmid containing a marker that results in ampicillin resistance by E. Coli bacteria through electroporation.-ElectroporationElectroporation involves subjecting cells to an electric voltage to piss holes in the cell wall. External material can then enter the cell through these holes. Natural processes then cause the hole to close and return t he cell to its archetype state.-HostAn organism that harbours a parasite is called a host.-PlasmidA plasmid is circular unembellished-chromosomal DNA.-CompetentA competent cell is one which can assign DNA present in its external environment. Competence can either be natural or artificial.(2) State why E. coli is used in galore(postnominal) genetic engineering experiments.The popularity of Escherichia Coli for genetic experiments is due to various reasons. Firstly, most E. Coli strains are non-pathogenic and pose no harm to humans. Safety is a significant factor in the laboratory and E. Coli use is generally safe. Secondly, E. Coli wax easily and can be duplicated through metagenics. Thirdly, their genetic make-up is relatively simple and can be manipulated with ease. fourthly they have been extensively studied and a lot is known about them. This makes it easier for researchers and they thitherfore prefer to use E. Coli for genetic engineering experiments.(3) Explain why compete nt cells, ampicillin, and S.O.C. medium were used for the transformation.Competent cells are obligatory as transformation involves taking external genetic material into the cell. If cells are not competent this cannot gamble and the experiment cannot be carried out successfully.Ampicillin is an antibiotic. Specifically, it is a bacteriostatic for E. Coli. It helps distinguish between bacteria that have taken up the plasmid and those that have not. This is because the plasmid contains a marker that causes ampicillin resistance. E. Coli cells do not naturally contain the genetic sequence that causes ampicillin resistance. Thus, ampicillin choice is possible to distinguish between transformed cells and untransformed cells.S.O.C. medium contains the nutrients required to help cells stabilise after electroporation. Electroporation introduces holes into the cell wall of the cell and therefore causes destabilisation of the cell. S.O.C medium contains yeast extract and other nutrient sou rces that help the cell recover. Once the cell has recovered and if the plasmid has entered the cell during electroporation, the cell will multiply and give rise to a addiction during the incubation period.(4) Explain the purpose of the controls in this experiment.The control in this experiment constitutes bacteria without the plasmid that inculcates antibiotic resistance. Without this extra piece of genetic information to alter the bacteria to mount defences against the attack of the antibiotic, ampicillin is this case, the bacterial cells will be unable to multiply in a medium that contains the antibiotic. The cells that were treated such that they could incorporate the plasmid DNA into their genetic make-up will be able to multiply in a medium where ampicillin is present as prospicient as there are enough nutrients available for growth. Thus, the control helps us show that the DNA plasmid was indeed taken up and incorporated into their genetic make-up by the bacteria. The only way for E. coli to have survived with ampicillin present is if they had taken up the plasmid and transmitted it to all generations when they reproduced after uptake of the plasmid. Hence, the control serves to confirm uptake of the plasmid as well as its transmission to following generations by comparing it to cells in the control that did not have the extra DNA.(5) Explain how the dependance growth relates to gene transformation.A dependency of bacteria stems from the binary fission of one single bacterial cell. When bacteria reproduce perpendicular genetic transfer occurs whereby the offspring has the exact copy of the genetic material of the parent.In this experiment, bacteria are introduced into a medium containing the antibiotic ampicillin. E. Coli bacteria with their original genetic make-up will be unable to reproduce due to the presence of the antibiotic as they do not have the means necessary to resist antibiotic attack. This is what is expected in the control sample as ampicillin is a bacteriostatic.. The positive sample on the other hand has bacteria which have undergone horizontal gene transfer by transformation. The plasmid DNA that was used for the transformation process contains genetic code that results in E.Coli developing ampicillin resistance. Thus, bacteria that can incorporate this plasmid and pass it on to their offspring by vertical gene transfer can grow in the environment. This is how colony growth relates to gene transformation.(6) Describe how ionic strength of DNA solution affects electroporation.The ionic strength of DNA solution comes into play due to the electroporation stage where holes are created in the bacterial cell wall to allow uptake of the plasmid by transmission of an electric voltage. For this step, the ionic strength of the solution must be low. If the ionic strength is high, arcing will occur. Arcing is visible during the experiment by sparks and a sound like a micro-scale thunderclap. It can cause cell death as w ell as equipment damage. Thus, for the experiment to be carried out successfully and to safeguard the apparatus, the DNA solution must be of low ionic strength.(7) If your transformation efficiency is lower than 1 109 cfu/g, conjecture and explain potential reasons for the low efficiency.The transformation efficiency is greater than the benchmark stated above. This corresponds to good transformation efficiency and indicates a successful transformation process. However, the close clustering of the colonies makes it possible that some of the colonies are satellite colonies rather than transformed colonies. The experiment could be repeated with a higher(prenominal) concentration of ampicillin to obtain more reliable results.(8) Discuss current and potential applications of gene transformation techniques in biotechnology.Gene transformation techniques play a crucial role in biotechnology. This is because gene transformation provides a method to produce copies of desired DNA sequences. This is especially useful in the pharmaceutical fabrication to develop medications that are target specific. Also, this could potentially lead the way to genetic engineering, where defects to the genetic code could be repaired and desired traits inserted through addition of the corresponding DNA sequences. Gene replacement therapy could prove to be the cure for nearly all diseases that take human lives contemporarily. In the future gene transformation could be used to engineer human beings and other animals and plants according to desired specifications.Genetic transformation is also used in the development of pest-resistant crops, which could potentially increase the productivity of the land. This could be key to feed the ever-growing population as the quantity of agricultural land decreases.Understanding the evolution of drug resistance could help us devise ways of preventing drug resistance as well as developing drugs that can overcome resistance. In this arena gene transformati on plays an important role horizontal genetic transfer is a natural process in bacteria.4.3 Sources of Error and Suggestions for ImprovementThere are a few sources of error that could result in incorrect conclusion being drawn from experimental results.(i) The number of colonies seen need not correspond to the bacteria that transformed. This could be due to the growth of satellite colonies. bighearted bacterial colonies will secrete beta lactamase, which is what causes ampicillin resistance. Thus, the area around the colony will contain this secretion and be ampicillin-free. A satellite colony could grow in this area from untransformed cells.To avoid this problem, the incubation period should strictly be restricted to 24 hours. Satellite colonies emerge after a delay. By ensuring that results arr recorded promptly, the interference in results brought about by satellite colonies can be minimised. Another method is to use a higher concentration of ampicillin. to a greater extent time will be required to create a antibiotic-free zone around a colony if the concentration of antibiotic is high.(ii) Identifying the number of colonies can be difficult, especially if the size of the colony is miniscule. This could result in an incorrect calculation of transformation efficiency.In order to increase accuracy of results, a different selection marker can be used. Some selection markers have properties that can be distinguished by shining UV light and other such techniques which result in a high contrast. Using these markers may result in higher reliableness of results.(iii) Distinguishing between colonies can be difficult if they grow close to one another and appear to be one large colony. Also, closer colonies would also result in a higher chance of there being satellite colonies.To minimise this problem, crowding on the plate must be minimised. For that, a higher concentration of ampicillin could be used, carbenicillin selection could be used instead of ampicillin sele ction (although expensive) or the nutrient dilution could be adjusted such that it discourages very rapid proliferation.5.0 ConclusionsThe objectives of this experiment were to explore the phenomenon of gene transformation and the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria as well as to inculcate the practice of sterile technique for handling bacteria. Gene transformation was observed with the development of ampicillin resistance in transformed Escherichia Coli bacteria. The bacteria not exposed to the plasmids containing the genes for antibiotic resistance did not grow in an environment containing the antibiotic while the transformed bacteria formed colonies in the same environment. A calculation of transformation efficiency returned a value of 1.78 1010 transformants/g of plasmid DNA, which is greater than the threshold of 109, indicative of a successful experiment. However, the possibility of some of the 13 colonies of bacteria being satellite colonies as opposed to transf ormed colonies reduces the reliability of the results. Methods to increase reliability of results were therefore suggested.References1. Port, Tami. (2008, June 14). Bacteria Horizontal Gene Transfer. suite101.com. Retrieved 3rd April, 2010 from http//bacteriology.suite101.com/article.cfm/bacteria_horizontal_gene_transfer2. Metzenberg, Stan. (2002). Bacterial Plasmids. California State University Northridge Department of Biology. Retrieved 4th April, 2010 from http//escience.ws/b572/L2/L2.htm

The Changing Business Environment Of Samsung Marketing Essay

The Changing Business Environment Of Samsung grocery storeing EssayThis is summary for Changing Business Environment of Samsung everyplace last Five Year which entrust give an idea about why it is important for any Trading or Manufacturing organization to understand the business environment (Macro Micro) i.e. to sustain and grow over long term with the help of developing different st evaluategies.This report briefly shows the history of Samsung which identify its nature diversity of business over last some years. This report include usage of ( bone, PESTEL, BOSTON BOX MATRIX Analysis etc) to evaluate and understand the ever-changing environment of Samsung justifying benefits of using such Analysis tools.In evidence couple of graphs has been presented to show companies instruction execution in globular market. It shows the sales figure/Financial statement for the past FIVE years which helps in intellectual how company is performing in different regions/countries. This report comprises of conclusions based on findings and too in general recommendations for the topic.IntroductionSamsung has grown to one of largest electronics company since 1938. Since mid-seventies and early 1980s Samsung expanded globally with diversified intention into core technical business. Samsung leads the electronic industry with its high performance and with high growth rate along with stability.2009Global Market Sh atomic number 18 of 13 Percentage of different products available in market. Examples - Mobile Phones, Monitors, Semiconductor.1970First Black White (Model P-3202) production started Samsung-Sanyo Electronics.1969SAMSUNG-Sanyo Electronics naturalised (renamed SAMSUNG Electro-Mechanics in March 1975 and merged with SAMSUNG Electronics in March 1977)1951SAMSUNG Moolsan established (now SAMSUNG Corporation)1938SAMSUNG was founded in, Korea (Taegu)Company SamsungGlobal Market sh atomic number 18 is basis of sales is as followsTV Market Share is 21.9%Laser Printer Sh are is 13.7%Mobile Phone Share is 16.7%DRAM Share is 30.1%TFT-LCD Panel Share is 25.7%In the above graphical intro we can see the performance of Samsung in various sectors of Electronics and Telecommunication. If we compare this performance to other companies Samsung emerges as world leader in at least 3 sectors which are TV, DRAM TFT-LCD. This clearly shows us the dominance of Samsung in market and this is mainly due to its transparent policies, positive approach and honest efforts in creation a global leader. This performance info is taken from Samsungs sustainability report for 2009 from Samsung official website.Unit KRW trillionSales20062007200820092010Korea19.321.123.624.2N.AAmerica18.019.625.426.0N.AEurope22.027.034.234.0N.AAsia14.815.719.223.2N.AChina11.815.118.920.0N.AThe above data shows the sales performance for the past 3 years in regions across the globe. We can clearly see that Samsung as a company is growing locally and globally Korea being its local market. This consistent growth of the company is mainly due to its marketing strategies which are paying off well. More details on Samsungs operations, marketing, product line etc can be found on http//www.samsung.com/uk/aboutsamsung/citizenship/oursustainabilityreports.htmlhttp//www.ameinfo.com/178504.htmlThe business environment keeps on changing and is unpredictable. So, it is very necessary to understand and react to this changing business so as to survive and grow in the market.Proper knowledge of business environment will make the entrepreneurs and businesses able enough to plan and carry through strategies that are needed to identify the scope of improvement, create and exploit opportunities that come on the way, retain stability, gain competitive advantage and prepare appropriately for the coming(prenominal) challenges. The way the environment is analyzed and accordingly the strategies implemented, will define the track of the business. present With the example of samsung.The data coll ected will be analysed using SWOT. SWOT stands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. SWOT epitome, is a strategic business planning tool used to determine the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats that exists in business. It includes identifying the business documentarys as well as the inwrought and external factors which are likely to favour the business. It may be classified intoInternal factors strengths and weaknesses that are within (internal) organization.External factors opportunities and threats of external environment.The internal factors can be classified into strengths and weaknesses depending upon their publication on organization and business objectives.The factors may include all of the 4Ps as well as personnel, finance, manufacturing capabilities, and so on. The external factors may include macro-economic factors like expert , legal,and socio-cultural transports, as well as changes in the marketplace or competitive scene.According to B Kyle SWOT can be identified as internal and external in relation to environment.Strengths It usually tells about the positives of the company. How well we are doing in our ambit of interest. What is our position in front of competitor?Weaknesses Weakness refers to area of struggle of our company. Why are consumers not happy about particular product? Why are we not meeting sales target for a particular product.Opportunities It is directly related to external environment. It could be the areas where your competitor is not good at. We should try to utilize strengths in areas of our weaknesses. Are there any rising trends or possibility to capture market by introducing new product?Threats It could be financial or development problem. Competitors strength is study threat. Are competitors fit strong.Description.Strategic business toolsSWOT analysis for SamsungStrengthsStrong hold in Consumer ElectronicsLow margin strategy increases salesHighly skilled labour handiness locally globallyGood focus on customer service and good marketing strategyStrong management and loyal employeesWeaknessesLack of performance in Laser printer salesLess cost effective in PC consumable products.Lack of brand recognition in prompt phone sector.Poor pricing strategyLack of usage of infrastructure in some part of world e.g. ChinaOpportunitiesCan unseat major stake holders in TV and DRAM sectorsIncrease product range in consumer electronicsCan sustain future market using the idea of consumer gustation researchRapid growth in competitive markets across the globeIncrease in portfolio due to acquisitions of other firmsThreatsFaces high competition from Sony and Nokia in mobile phone sector.Daily entrants of new technology companiesImpact on sales due to recessionLack of innovation in mobile industry threatens its position further down.Intense competition from existing companies in PC sector.The above information which helps in doing the SWOT analysis and other graphical presentat ion helps to upshot our objective questions mostly. Although it might not provide direct answer but clarifies strategies and benefits of organisation doing global and domestic business. It clearly reveals the benefits of proper marketing in terms of sales numbers.PESTEL AnalysisPESTEL analysis is one of the most important tool of business strategic management which helps in identifying the surroundings within which the company operates. It gives a clear idea about the threats, risks and opportunities that occur in the market. It helps in understanding the needs of market, its fluctuations, whether the market is progressing upwards or downwards (i.e. growth decline ratios) and thereof makes the businesses able to develop strategies accordingly.PESTEL is used as decision making tools in macro-environment. PESTEL is Classified into -political factorsEconomic factorsSocial factorsTechnological factorsEnvironmental factorsLegal factorsPolitical factors - Its all about intervenes of th e government on the economy of the country. Political factors include areas likeTax policyLabour impartialityEnvironmental law plenty restrictionTariffsPolitical stabilityServices and goods provide by the government ( merit goods ) and services which is not provided by the government ( demerit goods )Goodwill among orthogonal nationsEconomic factors - It includesInterest ratesEconomic growthRate of inflation (Inflation rate)Rate of Exchange (Exchange rate)For example -Cost of capital is directly bear upon by interest rateExporting goods and supply of goods is affected by exchange rateInflation raises cost.Social factors - Demand of products and company operations are affected by social factors likeCulture of the societyNatality rateGrowth rateAge distributionTechnological factors It includesResearch and development activity.mechanisationBetter technology for the production of goodsTechnological have direct impact on costs, calibre which leads to innovation.Environmental factors It includes-WeatherClimate changeLocality (Place)Ecofriendly products (to scale with problem of global warming)e.g Effect of temperature on farming and tourism.6. Legal Factors It include Consumer lawEmployment lawHealth and safety lawDiscrimination lawe.g Minimum wages system in U.K is legal factor that affect business.Minimum age for employment is fixed by the government.Pestle analysis For Samsungcapital of Massachusetts Box matrixreviveConclusions RecommendationsWe have analysed and gathered data from Samsung Company in relation to our topic global versus domestic marketing a exact analysis. The conclusions drawn using company data alone cannot summarize our findings. However there are similarities in few points. If we look at the organisation plane section we can see how Samsung has come a long way to be recognised as a global brand. It shows that achieving such position in global market is very hard. Not only achieving but it becomes increasingly important to sustain th at growth due to fierce competition. It shows how companies have to adjust or change their policies from time to time keeping in mind rising and falling economy. In general it alerts companies of being more innovative cautious of environmental changes. It also emphasis on limitations one has to face as the behaviour and taste of consumer changes geographically.RecommendationsCompanies should develop marketing strategies keeping in mind its strengths, weaknesses and availability of resources to be globally successful.Companies should try to develop product which global consumer can identify easily from competitors one.Identify a sector where we can see growth and sustain competition.Companies should cite special taskforce or focused group people to identify the drawbacks of non performing sector and find solutions to that.To be successful organisations should concentrate mainly on quality and pricing structure.Be in constant touch with customer by means of advertising, press release s and make them aware about product specifications and changes if there are any.Try to use both forms of communication verbal and non verbal.SummaryFrom this report on global marketing versus domestic marketing we understand that main objective of any company doing global marketing is to find opportunities. It mainly expands companys reach to global customers. This mainly depends on how the company analyses its strengths and opportunities, optimum usage of resources and approach towards business. Here in this report we saw how Samsung as a global company has wide range of products and constantly keeps on adding them to sustain market place. SWOT analysis helped us to understand about positives and negatives of the company. Important outcome of the report about marketing can be converted in one slogan animadvert globally and act locally.

Is Ritalin Good Essay -- essays research papers fc

Is Ritalin Good?     Have you ever suffered or known anyone that has suffered from attention famine disorder? A.D.D. is a biologically based condition cause a persistent pattern of difficulties, which includes three types of behavior. These three types be difficultness attending or focusing on a specific task, difficulty inhibiting behavior, and difficulty controlling impulses. In 1950 the prescription drug Ritalin was patented and manufactured by the CIBA-Geigy Corporation. This drug stimulates the central nervous system, with effect similar to but little potent than amphetamines and more potent than caffeine (Bailey 1). Several million children are being treated with Ritalin on the grounds that they have attention deficit disorder and are suffering from there inattention, hyperactivity, or impulsivity. In the past decade, there has been growing evidence that Ritalin has had negative effects on a childs mind and behavior leading to such disorders like psyc hosis, mania, drug abuse, and addiction. It suppresses creative and spontaneous activity making them more docile and submissive because of the way that Ritalin produces malfunctions in their brain rather than improving its function (Breggin 124). Prescribing Ritalin to children with diagnosed attention deficit disorder brings more negative side effects than solutions and leads to addiction.     Most mentions realize that their children have the disorder once the child starts attending school. Most of the time teachers are the ones who point out the childs symptoms. The parent then takes the child to a social worker, psychologist, or psychiatrist for answers. The American Psychiatric Association lists fourteen signs, of which at least eight must be present for a child to be officially classified as ADD.(Passwater 1) Out of these fourteen signs are normal actions of children. Some of these signs include fidgeting with hands or feet, easily distracted by extraneou s stimuli, having difficulty following instructions and blurting out answers before questions are completed. (Passwater 2) It would seem by these signs that when a child doesnt seem to be adapting to our system, we label them as having ADD and prescribe them Ritalin. With the new increase in prescriptions being filled around country, more and more children are on Ritalin, so much that the nega... ...f any kind. Works CitedBailey J. William. FACTLINE on Non-Medical Use of Ritalin. IndianaPrevention Resource Center November 1995 1-6. Indiana University.Online. 22 March 2001.http//www.drugs.indiana.edu/pubs/factline/ritalin.htmlBreggin K. Peter. talking Back to Ritalin. Maine Common Courage Press, 1998.Hanchett, Doug. Speed Chills Ritalin hits campuses College kidsUsing drug to study, party. Boston Herald May 21, 2000 1-4. Local and Regional. Online. 22 March 2001.http//www.bostonherald.com/ intelligence agency/local_regional/rita05212000.htmPasswater A. Richard. Ritalin Warnings Side Effects, Cautions,Alternatives for ADD, ADHD Ritalin Alternative 1999 1-13. "All About Pycnogenol" Avery Publishing Group. Online. 23 March 2001.http//www.ritalinalternative.com/index2.htmlRitalin Led To Boys Death. The Associated Press April 18, 2000 1-3.Channel 25 Eyewitness News. Online. 24 March 2001.http//www.thewpbfchannel.com/sh/health/stories/health-20000418-163859.htmlWen, Patricia. As Easy To Get As Candy. The Boston Globe Oct 29, 20001-13. Conservative News Forum. Online. 20 March 2001.http//www.freerepublic.com/ forum/a39fca5b129fd.htm

The Flea - John Donne :: essays research papers

John Donne and an Analysisof "The Flea"     John Donne was born on Bread Street, London, in 1572. His family was very adequate but they were Roman Catholic, not the best group to be a part of at his time, in England. He studied three years at the University of Oxford and three years at Cambridge. He never got a degree because he refused to take the oath of supremacy at graduation time. He thence studied law and was on his way to be a diplomat. He wrote a book of poems, Satires, afterwards his brother died of fever in prison after offering sanctuary to a proscribed catholic priest. He then wrote a series of mania poems in Songs and Sonnets. In 1596, he joined a naval campaign against Spain and when he came back, 2 years later, he became secretary to Sir Thomas Egerton. Just as he started doing well, he secretly married Egertons niece, Anne More, and when discovered, he was thrown in jail along with the two friends who had helped in his secret relationsh ip. Annes family helped them and a few years later, Donne reconciliated with Sir Thomas and was finally given the dowry he was owed. He lived the next few years as a lawyer and lived a poor existence. He then wrote two anti-Catholic poems that got him the kings favor and started working Sir Robert Drury of Hawstead, who gave him an appartment in his castle for writing a beautiful eulogy for his 15 year old daughter. Donne and his wife had 12 children, 7 of which survived and in 1617, Anne died at age 33, time giving birth to a stillborn child. He wrote the Holy Sonnets. He was made vicar in 1625 but suffered from severe infections of the mouth which caused his death in 1931. He wouldve become a bishop in 1930. Before his death, he preached his own funeral sermon, Deaths Duel. His last piece was The Hymn to God, my God, in my sicknesse. Donne is a very witty poet. In The Flea, handle in many other poems, he tries to convince a young woman to sleep with him. He compares giving up he r virginity her virginity to the size of a flea go show how "unimportant" it is. "It suckd me first and now sucks thee" is used in the first stanza to argue that because their bloods are mixed inside the flea, they are married and therefore, making love would not be a sin.