Peer Pressure and Drinking Essay -- Peer Pressure Essays

When the majority of us imagine what our college years should consist of, we see fun, friends, and frequent parties. Its hardly natural considering all the hype that music, movies, and popular television shows portray. Singer Asher Roth describes what one should typically experience throughout his infamous single I Love College. Apparently, we should erect dance, get each other naked, drink, and smoke thence pass out at 3, wake up at 10, go out to eat then do it again. ABC Familys hit series, Greek, produced an episode where all the fraternities and sororities were forced to comply with an alcohol ban during the campus Dry Weekend. All these students could do was whine and complain about how boring their lives would be for the next 48 hours.It is important to keep in mind that your friends probably cant see past the assort of what theyre conditioned to believe college is all about. Theyre under the fabricated impression that theres a status quo to maintain and the only elbow roo m to uphold this expectation is through Flip Cup and Power Hour. When you dont want to submerge y...

The Oppression of Women Exposed in The Yellow Wallpaper -- The Yellow W

The Oppression of Women Exposed in The discolour Wallpaper Charlotte Perkins Gilman is remembered today mainly for her feminist work The Yellow Wallpaper. It dramatizes her life and her experience with Dr. S. Weir Mitchells straight infamous rest cure. Commonly prescribed for women suffering from hysteria, the rest cure altogether forbade company, art, writing, or any other form of happy stimulation. When Mitchell prescribed this for Gilman, he told her to live a domestic life as far as possible, to have but two hours intellectual life a day, and never to touch pen, brush or pencil again as long as I lived (Why I Wrote . . . n.p.). It nearly drove her insane. She began to rule only when she returned to her art and writing, and subsequently wrote The Yellow Wallpaper to quick others to the perils of the rest cure and its attempt to stifle creativity. It raises the question, stated by Conrad Shumaker, What happens to the imagination when its defined as feminine (and thus weak) a nd has to face a society that determine the useful and the practical and rejects anything else as nonsense? (590). The answer provided by Gilman is that it becomes uncontrollable and has the potential to end a persons sanity. In The Yellow Wallpaper, the narrator suffers from postpartum depression, diagnosed by her husband John as hysteria. He recommends the rest cure for her and arranges for them to spend the summer in a country mansion. Although his wife wants to take a down the stairs room which opens out into the garden, John forces her to live upstairs in a nursery with nix windows and hideous yellow wallpaper. She is not permitted to write, except for a daybook which she keeps surreptitiously, an... ...William Day, and Sandra Waller. New York Addison Wesley Longman, 1997. 299-312. Why I Wrote The Yellow Wallpaper. The Forerunner October 1913 n.p. Golden, Catherine. The Writing of The Yellow Wallpaper A reiterate Palimpsest. Studies in American Fiction 17 (1989) 198-2 01. Johnson, Greg. Gilmans Gothic metaphor Rage and Redemption in The Yellow Wallpaper. Studies in Short Fiction 26 (1989) 521-30. Kasmer, Lisa Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper A Symptomatic Reading. literature and Psychology 36.3 (1990) 1-15. MacPike, Loralee. Environment as Psychopathological Symbolism in The Yellow Wallpaper. American Literary Realism 8 (1975) 286-88. Shumaker, Conrad. to a fault Terribly Good to be Printed Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper. American Literature 57 (1985) 588-99. The Oppression of Women Exposed in The Yellow Wallpaper -- The Yellow WThe Oppression of Women Exposed in The Yellow Wallpaper Charlotte Perkins Gilman is remembered today principally for her feminist work The Yellow Wallpaper. It dramatizes her life and her experience with Dr. S. Weir Mitchells now infamous rest cure. Commonly prescribed for women suffering from hysteria, the rest cure altogether forbade company, art, writing, or any oth er form of intellectual stimulation. When Mitchell prescribed this for Gilman, he told her to live a domestic life as far as possible, to have but two hours intellectual life a day, and never to touch pen, brush or pencil again as long as I lived (Why I Wrote . . . n.p.). It nearly drove her insane. She began to recover only when she returned to her art and writing, and subsequently wrote The Yellow Wallpaper to alert others to the perils of the rest cure and its attempt to stifle creativity. It raises the question, stated by Conrad Shumaker, What happens to the imagination when its defined as feminine (and thus weak) and has to face a society that values the useful and the practical and rejects anything else as nonsense? (590). The answer provided by Gilman is that it becomes uncontrollable and has the potential to destroy a persons sanity. In The Yellow Wallpaper, the narrator suffers from postpartum depression, diagnosed by her husband John as hysteria. He recommends the rest cu re for her and arranges for them to spend the summer in a country mansion. Although his wife wants to take a downstairs room which opens out into the garden, John forces her to live upstairs in a nursery with barred windows and hideous yellow wallpaper. She is not permitted to write, except for a journal which she keeps surreptitiously, an... ...William Day, and Sandra Waller. New York Addison Wesley Longman, 1997. 299-312. Why I Wrote The Yellow Wallpaper. The Forerunner October 1913 n.p. Golden, Catherine. The Writing of The Yellow Wallpaper A Double Palimpsest. Studies in American Fiction 17 (1989) 198-201. Johnson, Greg. Gilmans Gothic Allegory Rage and Redemption in The Yellow Wallpaper. Studies in Short Fiction 26 (1989) 521-30. Kasmer, Lisa Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper A Symptomatic Reading. Literature and Psychology 36.3 (1990) 1-15. MacPike, Loralee. Environment as Psychopathological Symbolism in The Yellow Wallpaper. American Literary Realism 8 (197 5) 286-88. Shumaker, Conrad. Too Terribly Good to be Printed Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper. American Literature 57 (1985) 588-99.

George Frederic Handel :: essays research papers

George Frideric HandelGeorge Frideric Handel was one of the sterling(prenominal) composers of the late baroque period (1700-1750) and, during his lifetime, perhaps the most internationally famous of all musicians. Handel was born February 24, 1685, in Halle, Germany, to a family of no musical background. His own musical talent, however, began to show before his tenth birthday. He received lessons from a local organist, the only musical cultivation he would ever have. His first job was as church organist in Halle. In 1703 he traveled to Hamburg, Germany. It was here, in 1704, he composed his first opera, Almira. afterwards achieving great success he soon felt the urge to move on to Italy, the birthplace of operatic style. He first stopped at Florence in the fall of 1706. Later on in the spring and summer of 1707 and 1708 he went to Rome, and in the late spring of 1707 he made a trip to Naples. In Italy Handel composed operas, oratorios, and many secular cantatas he ended his Itali an trip with the spectacular success of his fifth opera, Agrippina (1709), in Venice.Other Composers of George Frideric Handels Time live was a German organist and composer of the baroque era, one of the greatest and most productive geniuses in the history of Western music. In 1756 Mozart was born in Salzburg, Austria. One of the greatest composers in Western music tradition, Mozart began composing at age five. By the time he was 13, he had written sonatas, operettas, and symphonies. His works include The Marriage of Figaro , enter Giovanni, and The Magic Flute. van Beethoven was one of the worlds greatest composers was born in Bonn, Germany, in 1770, Beethoven began to lose his hearing in 1802. By 1817 he was totally deaf. Beethoven wrote classical pieces greater than anyone else of his time like his third Symphony, Eroica and his Ninth Symphony. The Ninth Symphony, composed in 1824, begins with void music which may have originated in the placidity and gloom of Beethovens own dea fness, but the symphony then explodes with a wonderful array of sounds. One of the most beautiful pieces of music ever composed. Arts and architecture The Taj Mahal in India was completed in 1648.

George Frederic Handel :: essays research papers

George Frideric HandelGeorge Frideric Handel was one of the greatest composers of the late baroque period (1700-1750) and, during his lifetime, perhaps the most internationally famous of all musicians. Handel was born February 24, 1685, in Halle, Ger legion(predicate), to a family of no musical background. His accept musical talent, howalways, began to show before his tenth birthday. He received lessons from a local organist, the only musical instruction he would ever have. His first job was as church organist in Halle. In 1703 he traveled to Hamburg, Germany. It was here, in 1704, he composed his first opera, Almira. After achieving great succeeder he soon felt the urge to move on to Italy, the birthplace of operatic style. He first stopped at Florence in the fall of 1706. posterior on in the spring and summer of 1707 and 1708 he went to Rome, and in the late spring of 1707 he made a trip to Naples. In Italy Handel composed operas, oratorios, and many secular cantatas he ended h is Italian trip with the spectacular success of his fifth opera, Agrippina (1709), in Venice.Other Composers of George Frideric Handels TimeBach was a German organist and composer of the baroque era, one of the greatest and most productive geniuses in the history of occidental music. In 1756 Mozart was born in Salzburg, Austria. One of the greatest composers in Western music tradition, Mozart began composing at age five. By the time he was 13, he had written sonatas, operettas, and symphonies. His works include The Marriage of Figaro , Don Giovanni, and The Magic Flute. van Beethoven was one of the worlds greatest composers was born in Bonn, Germany, in 1770, Beethoven began to lose his hearing in 1802. By 1817 he was totally deaf. Beethoven wrote classical pieces greater than anyone else of his time like his third Symphony, Eroica and his Ninth Symphony. The Ninth Symphony, composed in 1824, begins with void music which may have originated in the silence and gloom of Beethovens ow n deafness, but the symphony then explodes with a wonderful array of sounds. One of the most beautiful pieces of music ever composed. Arts and Architecture The Taj Mahal in India was terminate in 1648.

Chemical Kinetics Lab Raport Paper

FE 106 GENERAL CHEMISTRY EXPERIMENT-3 CHEMICAL KINETICS PREPARED BY BURAK COBAN PURPOSE In this experiment we depart study the enume ordinate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to form type O according to the net equation 2 water2 (aq) 2H2O(l) + O2 by measuring the rate at which atomic number 8 evolved, we exit investigate how the rate changes with varying initial concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and iodide catalyst. After we will study the affect of changing its concentration the rate oxygen evolution.At the end of experiment we will summarize our results by attempting to write a rate law for the reception, showing the defences on the concentrations of H2O2 and I. THEORY Chemical chemical answers croup be fast (think of any explosion ) or slow . It is very important to understand what is affecting the rate of the reaction and what is the mechanism of the reaction with such knowledge, we can often control a reaction to proceed at just the speed we need. we can thus avoid an explosion or speed up a reaction that seems too slow. In this chapter we start out by discussing rates of reactions and the rate law.The rate law indicates the affect that the concentration of the reactants has on the reaction rate. In general, adding more of a reactant speeds things up (rather like pushing the gas pedal to put more gas into the car engine ). But how much faster is the reaction if order the concentration of a reactant is doubled ? the rate law will help us answer such equations. Another delegacy to affect the rate of a reaction is to change the temperature. We refrigerate food to slow the rate of bacterial metabolism that can cause food to spoil. If we privation food to cook faster, we increase the heat.We also look at why some reactions seem to need a kick start, although once started, they continue to react. We will examine the activation barrier to reactions and its implications. Rate laws and kinetics experiments also tell us a lot about the mechanism by which a reaction occurs. Understanding the mechanism gives us another way to control the reaction. This knowledge enables us to design better catalyst or to create new compounds (such as new pharmaceuticals) that will be more effective. differential Rate Laws In many reactions, the rate of reactions changes as the reaction progresses.Initially the rate of reaction is relatively large, bit at very long times the rate of reaction decreases to zero. In order to characterize the kinetic behaviour of a reaction, it is desirable to determine how the rate of reaction varies as the reaction progresses. A rate law is a mathematical equation that describes the progress of the reaction. There are two forms of a rate law for chemical kinetics the derivative instrument rate law and the integrated rate law. The differential rate law relates the rate of the reaction to the concentrations of the various species in the system.Differential rate laws can take on many different forms, especially fo r complicated chemical reaction. However, most chemical reactions obey one of three differential rate laws. Each rate law contains a constant, k, called rate constant. The units for the rate constant depend upon the rate law, because the rate forever and a day has units of mole L-1 sec-1 and the concentration always has units of mole L-1. Zero Order Reaction For a zero order reaction, the rate of reaction is a constant. When the limiting reactant is completely consumed, the reaction abrupt stops. Differential rate law R=k The rate constant. k , has units of mole L-1 sec-1. First Order Reaction For first order reaction, the rate of reaction is at one time proportional to the concentration of ane of the reactants. Differential rate law R = kA The rate constant, k, has units of sec-1. Second Order Reaction For a second reaction, the rate of reaction is directly proportional to the square of the concentration of one of the reactants. Differential rate law R = k A2 The rate constan t, k, has units of L-1 sec-1. MATERIALS ? Funnel, Florence flask, Beaker, Pipette ? Thermometer, ring stand, ? Distilled water 0,2M KI, H2O and H2O2 ? Burette, Rubber stopper, rubber tubes. PROCEDURE Part A ? 10 ml 0,2M KI and 15 ml distilled water was taken the flask. ? Flask was swirled until the solution comes to the lav temperature. ? After that 5 ml % 3 H2O2 was added quickly and stopper the flask. ? One of us swirled the flask in the bath, other one observed the change of the pile. ? different one recorded the time when approximately 2 ml of the gas was evolved. Part B ? Same experiment was done by using 10 ml of KI + 10 ml of H2O + 10 ml of H2O2 Part C ? Same experiment was done by using 20 ml of KI + 5 ml of H2O + 5 ml of H2O2DISCUSSION In this experiment, we discussed the rate of reactions. Reaction rate changed with kinds of reactant. For example in part A we put 10 ml KI and 15 ml distilled water an the other hand in part B we put 10 ml KI ,10 ml H2O and 10 ml H2O2. Af ter we determined. We saw that part A is slower than part B for this reason we can say rate is changed by nature of reactants. Another important effect is temperature. If temperature is high value reaction finish quickly. Maybe our results were effected temperature Because we put flask in heat water and rate of reaction is faster than low temperature. REFERENCES GENERAL CHEMISTRYPETRUCCI & HARWOOD = QUESTIONS = 1. Chemical kinetics is the study of the speeds, or rates, of the chemical reactions. A crushed number of factors control how fast a reaction will occur. Investigation of these factors provides clues to the ways in which reactants are transformed into products in chemical reactions. Some of the factors that form the rate of a reaction are ? Concentration ? Pressure (particularly for reactions involving gases) ? Temperature ? Surface area (for reactions involving solids) ? Catalyst 2. The rate of reaction R= 1/3*dA / dt = -1/2 *dB / dt =1/4* dC / dt = dD / dt . in this exper iment we will investigate concentration of substance according to the rate of reaction. The rate of reactions are effected temperature, pressure of gases, concentrations and volume when one of products appears or one of the reactant is wed up. 4. 50 ml 2 MA 20 ml water added 30 ml 4 MB Initial conc. Of A =M=n/V n= 0,05*2=0,1 mol A Initial conc. Of B M = n/V n= 0,03*0,12 mol B After mixing V total =100 ml = 0,1 L Final conc. Of A M= 0,1 / 0,1 = 1M A Final conc. Of B M =0,12 / 0,1 =1,2M B R= k R= kA R = kA2

Bangladesh’s National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) Essay

Due to Bangladeshs extreme photo to climate related impacts, interlingual rendition is necessary for the political and economic survival of the fittest of the country (Ali, 1999 Sajjaduzzaman et al, 2005). Since developing countries fork out been historically less responsible for the emissions that cause climate switch over, it is the responsibility of developed countries to finance the cost of adaptation in appendix to increment aid commitments (Article 4.4 UNFCCC, 1992). To this end, the United Nations Convention on clime Change (UNFCCC) provides support for adaptation under a global governance system, and has made subject field version Programs of Action (NAPA) a requirement for all to the lowest degree(prenominal) Developed Countries (LDCs) in order to provide the space for participatory approaches and community-level inputs in adaptation policy-making (Ayers et al, 2009).Here, the rationale is that the impacts of climate variety are experienced local anestheticly, so adaptation programs need to be formulated and implemented at the local level (Ayers 2011). The Least Developed Countries Expert Group (LEG) affirms that other(a) engagement of people at the grassroots level will be important in ensuring successful execution of instrument of NAPA initiatives (LEG, 20022).The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF), together with the United Nations Development Program and the international Environment Facility, has provided funding for its highest priority NAPA plan a $10.8 billion coastal Afforestation design (20102013) which aims to reduce climatechange hazards through coastal afforestation with community participation in the coastal districts of Barguna and Patuakhali (Western Region), Chittagong (Eastern Region), Bhola, and Noakhali (Central Region) (Figure 1) (Ministry Of Environment and Forestry (MOEF, 200524).Bangladesh isone of the first countries to implement a community- found adaptation (CBA) project as part of its NAPA, and in tends on using this project as a template for other insecure regions in Bangladesh (MOEF, 2008). Before this project is used as a template, it is important to analyse its impressiveness. This report will explore the role of the UNFCCCs NAPA scheme in supporting or hindering a participatory approach to adaptation in Bangladeshs CBA coastal afforestation project. Specifically, the focus question will be whether the coastal afforestation project is effective in facilitating adaptation at the grassroots level.BACKGROUNDThe Bangladesh NAPA identifies coastal communities as being the most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, and proposes 15 projects that would meet their pressing and immediate adaptation needs (MOEF, 20054). The vulnerability of coastal communities in Bangladesh is also emphasised in the Third Assessment spread over of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2001). coastal zones are the highest priority sector in the NAPA due to the importance of t he economic resources being affected, the urgency, severity and certainty of severe climate change impacts, and because coastal areas comprise 32% of the countries land space, with over 35 million people living just 1m above sea level (Agrawala et al, 2003).Bangladeshs flat deltaic topography with low elevation and its geographical location that sits at the intersection of three river basins puts it at risk of exposure of flooding and tidal inundation, droughts, tropical cyclones and storm quite a littles (Rawlani and Sovacool, 2011). In addition, Bangladesh is exposed to impacts from the melting of the Indian and Himalayan glaciers (Rawlani and Sovacool, 2011).These factors combined mean that every area in Bangladesh is prone to four types of floods- flash floods, riverine floods, rain floods, and storm surge floods (Figure 2) (Mirza, 2002). Furtherto a greater extent, all sectors and regions ofBangladesh are vulnerable the impacts of climate change (Figure 3) (Rawlani and Sovaco ol, 2011). The sites for the coastal afforestation project were selected based on their extreme vulnerability to climate change impacts (MOEF 2008).METHODOLOGYAdaptation refers to adjustments in ecological, social and economic systems in response to the impacts of climate change (IPCC, 2007). Whereas adaptive capacity is the ability of a system to adjust to the impacts of climate change- to comprise potential damages, take advantage of opportunities, or cope with the consequences, resilience goes further to include the degree the system is capable of selforganisation, and able to learn and adapt to changes (Folke, 2006 Jerneck and Olsen, 2008 Magis, 2010). For this reason, a resilience theoretical account with the following criteria will be used to analyse the effectiveness of the coastal afforestation projectDiversity in adaptation approaches involving a cock of technological, ecosystem based, governance and behavioural adaptation approaches.Effective governance and institutions that are seen as legitimate are critical for delivering sustainable adaptation outcomes (Bahadur et al, 2013). This is because they clear facilitate acquire and experiment in safe ways, monitor results, update assessments, and modify policy as newknowledge is gained (Carpenter et al, 2001778).Preparedness and planning requires relevant and timely information, and integrating with existing institutional dish outes (Bahadur et al, 2013).An acceptance of uncertainty and change at all scales- individual, organisational and systemic- to adjust adaptation actions to changing circumstances so that co-benefits can be effected and perverse outcomes avoided (Bahadur et al, 2013).The level of community involvement and ownership is essential as to ensuring projects reach the most vulnerable (Bahadur et al, 2013). This is a key factor in trim down vulnerability to climate change under CBA (Pouliotte et al, 2009).Mainstreaming climate change into development planning to achieve climate b risk development is necessary for lessen vulnerability to climate change (Bahadur et al, 201355).COMPARISONThe NAPA project demonstrates systems thinking by a willingness to learn from past policy mistakes. The Forestry Department has adopted a more participatory approach to forest management due to criticisms that past projects resulted in overharvesting and overgrazing due to a lack of community ownership over coastal mangroves (Rawlani and Sovacool, 2011). Since the1980s, emerging poverty and population growth combined with anabsence of land-use policies has resulted in a loss of over 40,000 ha of forests along the eastern and central coasts of Bangladesh due to unclutter for agriculture, shrimp farming, season pan and settlements (MOEF, 2008).The project document reviews these past issues and has put in place measures for livelihood diversification so that natural resources are non exploited (MOEF, 2008). The project aims to diversify livelihoods through its triple f model of Forest, Fish, and Food, which integrates aquaculture and food production within the afforested and reforested plantations so that community income sources are diversify (Sovacool et al, 2012). The FFF model currently focuses on drought and flood resistance fruit and vegetable crops. Through a combination of agriculture, fishing and producing palm oil the project has so far provided an income stream for 1,150 families and community pedagogy on nursery and plantation management to 12,200 coastal people (Rawlani and Sovacool, 2011).However, as one local states, we have developed saline tolerant crop varieties but the concentration of salinity is going up. We cant keep on producing crops when land is flooded and water savory Adaptation has its limits (Rawlani and Sovacool, 2011 860). Evidently, the FFF model fails to encourage a diversity of livelihood options, and and so equip locals with the adaptive capacity to adjust adaptation actions to changing circumstances. By contrast, a n nongovernmental organization in the village of Subarnabad- the Institute of Development Education for Advancement of Landless (IDEAL)- has implemented a CBA project that allows the community to choose their own livelihood options (Figure 5), thus giving them full ownership and providing a range of options so that they can adjust their income streams if circumstances change.The climate impacts emphasised by the NAPA project fit with community responses recorded in an independent household survey in one of the target sites, the Noakhali village (Figure 4) (Ayers, 2011). However, the adaptation options listed by respondents focused on addressing systemic issues like lack of access togovernment services and NGOs, high poverty rates, low social mobilisation, low literacy rates and insecure land tenure (Ayers, 2011). Coastal afforestation was never raised as a priority adaptation option (Ayers,2011). The project has sponsored 6000ha of community-based mangrove plantations, 500ha of non -mangrove mount plantations, 220ha of dykes, 1000km of embankments, and building sea gates to prevent salt water intrusion into rivers (Sovacool et al, 2012).These initiatives reveal the projects focus on reducing the physical exposure to climate change impacts (Ayers, 2011). However, respondents in Noakhali framed risk in terms of addressing development issues that cause vulnerabilities to climate change impacts in the first place (Ayers, 2011). One example is the projects introduction of early warning information and disaster preparedness systems in 20 of the most vulnerable towns (MOEF, 2008). In discussions about the risks of cyclones and storms with fishermen in Noakhali, they revealed that information provision was not the problem- radios had already been provided by a local Red Crescent program, but financial pressure to pay back the loans meant that fisherman would ignore the bad weather warnings (Ayers, 2011). therefrom the preferable adaptation option here would be putting in place a better micro-credit system. This mooring illustrates the importance of addressing the underlying issues that expose vulnerable groups to climate change impacts. It also shows that a lack of coordination between government and existing institutions can waste funding and exacerbate vulnerabilities. Therefore, community involvement in identifying vulnerabilities and adaptation responses is essential to building resilience on the ground.DISCUSSIONA lack of community involvement and ownership over the implementation of the project can be attributed to the NAPA preparation process. The process involved consultation with local level stakeholders- representatives from local government, local NGOs, farmers and women- through regional consultation workshops (Ayers, 2011). However, power kinetics within communities meant that politically powerful stakeholders dominated the discussions to the exclusion of less powerful stakeholders- basically, the most vulnerable were not involved in the NAPA preparation process (Ayers, 2011). Furthermore, the participation of local stakeholders focused on prioritising pre-identified adaptation options (Ayers, 2011).This top down approach combined with the framing of risks as climatechange impacts rather than vulnerabilities explains why the adaptation options in the NAPA conflict with those prioritised by the targeted communities (Ayers, 2011). This is due to a global framework of adaptation that casts adaptation as a response to the supernumerary impacts of climate change rather than the factors that make people vulnerable to these changes (which are often closely connected to existing development needs and problems) (Ayers, 201163).The LEG (2002) guidelines sieve the importance of bottom-up, participatory approaches (2) to adaptation and the NAPA project emphasises the participation of men and women at the grassroots- level(MOEF, 200822), so what institutional approach is essential to meet these ends? Ayers et al (200 9) suggest reframing the adaptation discourse under the UNFCCC in terms of vulnerability instead of impacts, as this would allow vulnerable communities to identify, prioritise and implement climate vital development activities and thus operationalize CBA. CBA requires an engagement with local institutional structures-be it public, private or civil societyfrom the beginning of the NAPA development process- to ascertain which institutions or features of institutions are needed for climate resilient development in that particular context (Ayers et al, 2010).In practise, this means more coordination between the government of Bangladesh and local institutions to develop mechanisms for mainstreaming climate resilient development.Opportunities for collaboration already exist in Bangladesh, but need to be harnessed. For example, the NGO IDEAL has successfully implemented CBA in the South-Western village of Subarnabad by providing training and technical support as well as access to loans an d a savings bank to adopt new livelihoods strategies of their choosing to suit their situation (Pouliotte, 2009) (Figure 5). In turn, this has had a mobilising effect on the community, which can be seen in the strategies being employed without the help of the NGO- by learning from neighbours and building networks (Pouliotte, 2009).The effect of this project in reducing vulnerabilities by diversifying livelihood options shows that climate change adaptation activities need to be built into community driven development programs. Another NGO in Bangladesh, The arsenous anhydride Mitigation and Research Foundation (AMRF), has facilitated the establishment of Village Committees made up of women in arsenic-affectedvillages who collect 3 Dhakas from each resident per month and lobby local government for funding to not only operate and maintain the deep tube wells, but also encourage activities in other sectors like education, sanitation, and village infrastructure (Rammelt et al, 2011).The se committees have the funding, lobbying power, and legitimacy to potentially carry out climate resilience development programs as well. A barrier for LDCs to mainstreaming climate change into development planning is the funding issue of additionality. This is why deepening community involvement through community-based organisations- in collaboration with government- is the institutional approach needed to carry out climate resilient development.CONCLUSIONAlthough the NAPA project in Bangladesh reflects community perceptions on the impacts of climate change, vulnerable communities were given little opportunity to identify and address the underlying development issues that cause vulnerability to such impacts (Ayers, 2011). This exposes the problem with facilitating CBA within the confines of impacts-based adaptation policy-making under the UNFCCC. Therefore a new framework is needed that defines adaptation more broadly that addresses the drivers of vulnerability, and recognises that development is risk management(Commission on Climate Change and Development, 2009 9).APPENDIXFigure 1Source MOEF 20084Figure 2Source Mirza et al, 200348Figure 3Source Rawlani and Savacool, 2011863Figure 4Source Ayers, 201174Figure 5Source Pouliotte et al, 200942Reference listAli, A (1999) Climate change impacts and adaptation assessment in Bangladesh, Climate Research, 12 109-116Agrawala, S, Ota, T, Ahmed, A.U, Smith, J, van Aalst, M (2003) Development and climate change in Bangladesh focus on coastal flooding and the Sundarbans, OECD, ParisAvailable at http//www.oecd.org/env/cc/21055658.pdfAccessed 25 July, 2013Agrawal, A (2008) The role of local institutions in adaptation to climate change, Social Development Department, World Bank, Washington, MarchAvailableathttp//www.icarus.info/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/agrawal-adaptation-institutions-livelihoods.pdfAccessed 25 July, 2013Ayers, J (2011) Resolving the adaptation paradox exploring the potential for deliberative policy-making in Bangladesh, Global Environmental Politics, 11(1) 62-89Ayers, J, Dodman, D (2010) Climate change adaptation and development the state of the debate, Progress in Development Studies, 27 (6)161-168Ayers, J, Huq, S (2009) Supporting adaptation through development what role for ODA? Development Policy Review, 27 (6) 659-784Bahadur, A.V, Ibrahim, M, Tanner, T (2013) Characterizing resilience unpacking the concept for tackling climate change and development, Climate and Development, 5 (1)55-65Commission on Climate Change and Development (2009) The human dimension of climate adaptation the importance of local and institutional issues, April Available at http//www.ccdcommission.org/ filer/report/HUMAN_DIMENSIONS.pdf Accessed 26 July, 2013Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 2007b, Australia and New Zealand. Climate Change 2007 Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the stern Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeAv ailable at http//www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/contents.html Accessed15 July, 2013IPCC (2001) The Science of Climate Change, Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change,Availableathttp//www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_and_data_reports.shtml. 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Airbus Strategy of Assembling an Aircraft Essay

Airbus is a multinational company, with its headquarters in Toulouse, which coordinates all activities and controls the bestride in all corporate functions. Its main actions are foc apply on four EU members France, Germany, UK, Spain (Airbus online 2012)France includes four manufacturing sites and three assembly lines. As maven of the break off members France has the biggest number of employees. Germany has an important role in the development and engineering of all aircrafts. Hamburg is the Centre of Excellence for cabin and cargo customisation. (Airbusonline2012)The main contribution of the United domain is the expertise in the design and manufacturing of wings. The assembling of wings for all Airbus aircrafts takes place in the UK. Spain contributes the expertise in weight-saving, composite materials and in innovative manufacturing technologies. However, non EU members deal China, Japan, USA or Russia have become more and more attractive in terms of working conditions and tax policy. (Airbusonline2012)These international collaborations emphasize the multinational thought process of Airbus and indicate the EU as an important partner in terms of creating attractive general conditions.It has to be noticed that Airbuss operations are one before and one after the implementation of the SupirWorld Program. In the next, are listed some of the advantages and disadvantages of the its implementation.Pros * Improved productivity of its operations to effectively cater to the changing requirements of its customers. * vibration m reduction of manufacturing aircrafts from 7.5 to 6 years * Smart buying- Reduced its leave cost base The aim of this program was sharing risk with their suppliers and thus arrive at them more responsible for the overall performance of Airbus. * receiptss in Supply Chain* Improved efficiency through new implemented technology in the supply ambit * Quality standards * Economies of scales * Better scope for interoperability between its se veral entities * Fewer but dedicated suppliers and service providers * Introduction of the Supply Chain Quality Improvement Program (SQIP) to achieve the best performance in the industry such as supply chain efficiency, quality and on time delivery.Cons * Job cuts -10,000 employees by of 87,000 across its plants were fired when implementing the power8 program * Lack of standardization before the introduction of supirWorld. This was leading to inefficiency in its operations with its different manufacturers, ordering the same manifest fro different suppliers and using several logistic providers.Airbus recently introduced a maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) strategy supporting RFID adoption for value chain visibility, by analyze both flyable and non-flyable components over their total lifecycle. According to Carlo K. Nizam, Airbuss head of value chain visibility, the increasingly competitive global market, and the need to reduce costs and streamline business processes in order to remain competitive has driven the firm to adopt RFID.Airbus introduced the RFID-technology to increase their overall supply chain transparency and visibility to cleanse their general reactivity. Its goal is to error-proof and automate its supply chain and manufacturing operations to reduce aircraft production and maintenance costs. Minimize unplanned maintenance and detect malfunction advance(prenominal) Manage and reduce airline parts inventories Establish audit trails for each uniquely identified object Ensure that the correct part is being used in the right place Mechanics can access document, task, and parts data, and locate and track approved spare parts in real time Identify and track tool location, usage history, and repair requirements Improve safety and security by authenticating componentsBenefits of utilizing RFID to Airbus * Visibility getting automatic updates of events in the value chain and an unprecedented high level of information * Process Benefits the c ycle times are shorter and less inventory is needed * Business Benefits reduction in inventory, seat of government assets and stock reconciliations, and an increased labour productivity and supplier monitoringDrawbacks of utilizing RFID to Airbus * High Costs * Standardization Issues It can be very challenging to manage two-fold readers and hardware, especially across many facilities * Potential Data Interference and Overload Issues whether multiple passive RFID devices can cause interference to aircraft systems, whether a strong and undesired signal can activate all devices simultaneously, and the corresponding effects on aircraft systems * Environmental factors emperature, presence of eloquents or metals, such as foil packaging and liquid detergents, can affect the ability of readers to work reliably * Resistance to Change from Barcode System