Organizational Metaphor Definition and Examples

An organizational metaphor is a figurative comparison (that is, a metaphor, simile, or analogy) used to define the key aspects of an organization and/or explain its methods of operation. Organizational metaphors provide information about the value system of a company and about employers attitudes toward their customers and employees. Examples and Observations Kosheek Sewchurran and Irwin Brown: [M]etaphor is a basic structural form of experience by which human beings engage, organize, and understand their world. The organizational metaphor is a well-known way in which organizational experiences are characterized. We have come to understand organizations as machines, organisms, brains, cultures, political systems, psychic prisons, instruments of domination, etc. (Llewelyn 2003). The metaphor is a basic way in which human beings ground their experiences and continue to evolve them by adding new, related concepts that carry aspects of the original metaphor. Dvora Yanow: What we may discover in analyzing organizational metaphors are complex relationships between thought and action, between shape and reflection. Frederick Taylor on Workers as Machines Corey Jay Liberman: Perhaps the earliest metaphor used to define an organization was provided by Frederick Taylor, a mechanical engineer interested in better understanding the driving forces behind employee motivation and productivity. Taylor (1911) argued that an employee is very much like an automobile: if the driver adds gas and keeps up with the routine maintenance of the vehicle, the automobile should run forever. His  organizational metaphor for the most efficient and effective workforce was the well-oiled machine. In other words, as long as employees are paid fairly for their outputs (synonymous with putting gas into a vehicle), they will continue to work forever. Although both his view and metaphor (organization as machine) have been challenged, Frederick Taylor provided one of the first metaphors by which organizations operated. If an organizational employee knows that this is the metaphor that drives the organization, and that money and incentives are the true motivating factors, then this employee understands quite a bit about his organizational culture. Other popular metaphors that have surfaced over the years include organization as family, organization as system, organization as circus, organization as team, organization as culture, organization as prison, organization as organism, and the list goes on. Wal-Mart Metaphors Michael Bergdahl: The people-greeters give you the feeling that you are part of the Wal-Mart family and they are glad you stopped by. They are trained to treat you like a neighbor because they want you to think of Wal-Mart as your neighborhood store. Sam [Walton] called this approach to customer service aggressive hospitality. Nicholas Copeland and Christine Labuski: Lawyers representing these women [in the court case Wal-Mart v. Dukes] . . . claimed that Wal-Marts family model of management relegated women to a complementary yet subordinate role; by deploying a family metaphor within the company, Wal-Marts corporate culture naturalized the hierarchy between their (mostly) male managers and a (mostly) female workforce (Moreton, 2009). Rebekah Peeples Massengill: Framing Wal-Mart as a kind of David in a battle with Goliath is no accidental move--Wal-Mart, of course, has worn the nickname of the retail giant in the national media for over a decade, and has even been tagged with the alliterative epithet the bully from Bentonville. Attempts to turn the tables of this metaphor challenge the person-based language that otherwise frames Wal-Mart as a behemoth bent on expansion at all costs. Robert B. Reich: Think of Wal-Mart as a giant steamroller moving across the global economy, pushing down the costs of everything in its path--including wages and benefits--as it squeezes the entire production system. Kaihan Krippendorff: After experiencing the flaws of having someone in Bentonville make decisions about human resources in Europe, Wal-Mart decided to move critical support functions closer to Latin America. The metaphor it used for describing this decision is that the organization is an organism. As the head of People for Latin American explains, in Latin America Wal-Mart was growing a new organism. If it was to function independently, the new organization needed its own vital organs. Wal-Mart defined three critical organs--People, Finance, and Operations--and positioned them in a new Latin American regional unit. Charles Bailey: A metaphor seeps deeply into organizational narratives because the metaphor is a way of seeing. Once established it becomes a filter through which participants both old and new see their reality. Soon enough the metaphor becomes the reality. If you use the football metaphor you would think that the fire department ran a series of set plays; finite, divisible, independent actions. You could also assume that at the end of these short segments of violent action, everyone stopped, set up the next plan and then acted again. A metaphor fails when it does not accurately reflect core organizational processes. The football metaphor fails because fires are extinguished in one, essentially, contiguous action, not a series of set plays. There are no designated times for decision making in firefighting and certainly no timeouts, though my aging bones might wish that there were.

Analysis Of Aldous Huxley s Brave New World - 1674 Words

Timothy Quah Dr. Laursen Honors 3910 25 November 2015 Brave New World Aldous Huxley places an individual with conservative values into a future society. John, the protagonist is raised on a salvage reservation, where there are little technological advances. The world outside the reservation is much different, children are manufactured, and drugs and sex are daily activities. There are no strong emotions, desires and human relationships, instead pleasure replaces these things. The reader can instantly see that John’s traditional views (views that we see are traditional) are in a head on collision with society’s views. John represents humanity implanted into this society. However, the values of society not only reject John’s humanity, they destroy John. John’s humanity is ripped from him when he compromises with society, and he commits suicide. Bioengineering is used extensively in Brave New World to run the society. Bioengineering is used extensively to create the children. Children essentially grown from test tubes, and by adding a stigma to live birth the government known as the controllers have destroyed relationships in the society. By removing children, the controllers have eroded the foundation of the family. Since the responsibility of children is the key reason why long term relationships are formed, by removing the responsibility they remove the need of relationships. Bioengineering is used to create social classes, by altering the growing environment and theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Aldous Huxley s Brave New World Essay986 Words   |  4 PagesMatlen EWRC Period: 1 December 7, 2016 Class Struggle In his text Brave New World Aldous Huxley imagines a society genetically engineered and socially conditioned to be a fully functioning society where everyone appears to be truly happy. This society is created with each person being assigned a social status from birth, much like caste system in modern society or the social or the social strata applied to everyday society. Huxley shows the issues of class struggle from the marxist perspective whenRead MoreAnalysis Of Aldous Huxley s Brave New World Essay2257 Words   |  10 PagesGiancarlo Ricci LA 9, period 4 October 21, 2016 MAIN THEME:   It is essential to prioritize individual happiness, emotion, and humanity in order for your life to have value. OVERALL TONE: Satirical Novel Cover Art Analysis The novel Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, is set in a â€Å"utopian† society where individuals are born into a strict social destiny and given recreational sex and drugs to maintain universal happiness and social stability. 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In particular, a man by the name of John seems to experience the bulk of it. John’s experiences show that being exiled is alienating and, at the same time, enriching, whi le also portraying the effects of a world with complete government control over technology andRead MoreAnalysis Of Aldous Huxley s Brave New World1420 Words   |  6 Pagesexcessive effort to become perfect can be counteractive and lead to dysfunctionality. In Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World, characters live in a dystopian society that sprouted from the human yearning for perfection. Although the citizens in Brave New World are genetically engineered to be perfect individuals and are on soma constantly to keep them happy and efficient, they lack individuality.. Brave New World is a novel that clearly demonstrates that trying to create a perfect society can result inRead MoreAnalysis Of Aldous Huxley s A Brave New World1708 Words   |  7 Pagessocieties, specifically those of the fictional variety we apply our mashed set of ideals based on truth and happiness on each of these different societies . In Aldous Huxley’s A Brave New World, by conventional societies ideas the citizens of the world state know nothing of traditional reality and by the standards of the traditional world are far from a state of contentment, but if examined by the ideals of the society in question the overall appearance is quite different. the population seems happyRead MoreAnalysis Of Aldous Huxley s Brave New World1591 Words   |  7 Pagesinsignificant in terms of an independent person, and because of this, people have to actively find ways to keep ourselves occupied. Aldous Huxley was born July 26, 1984. 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Longest Period Economic Growth Developed -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Longest Period Economic Growth Developed? Answer: Introduction The economic performance of all countries in the world is measured by using some universal economic indicators. One of the major economic indicator is the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). GDP is the value of all goods a country produces within it boarders in monetary terms (Tribe, 2011). The GDP level for most countries is estimated on a quarterly basis. The level varies from one quarter to the other; any improvement from the previous estimate is an indicator that there is expansion in the countrys production level which is desirable for any given economy. This paper is mainly concentrated on comparing and contrasting the differences in economic performance between US and Australia. The reason for the differentials in performance will be identified and explained in actual figures. The data to be used is for the period starting from 2012 to 2016 (five years). Since GDP is a primary indicator, we shall start the research by identifying the various accounting methods used in its computation. Whereas there are several methods of GDP accounting we shall only rely mostly on the expenditure approach. According to the US Bureau of Statistics, the source for expenditure data is reliable and has an advantage of data integrity (Mathews, 2012). Other realistic arguments such as the PPF and business cycles concept will be employed in the research. Data to be used will be obtained from various government institutions. GDP Accounting Methods There are three methods that are globally accepted for the estimation of GDP and are alleged to give similar estimates. One of them is the expenditure method where it has four components; investments, consumption, government spending and net exports. When this components are summed up, they give nominal GDP which is further adjusted for changes in inflation to make it real GDP. This method is the most commonly used with consumer spending being the dominant component, followed by government spending, business investment and lastly the net export component. The second method is the production approach also referred to as the net product method or Value added method. This method originates from the definition of GDP total monetary value of all goods and services; this gives the gross value (World Bank, 2013). The next step is to subtract the intermediate consumption from this gross value. Intermediate consumption includes; cost of materials used in producing the final output, supplies and services. The last method is the income approach method which assumes that all incomes generated by all goods and services produced by an economy should be equal to all the expenditures in that economy (Ross, 2018). The components for this approach include; labor income (wages, Salaries, and fringe benefits. government taxes for Social Security and unemployment insurance are also included); Rental income (Property income received by households, imputed rent, Royalties from patents, assets and copyrights); interest income (Income the households receive from lending their money to business firms and corporations. Interest payments by Government and household are not included); lastly, accounting profit (What is left with firms after paying their rent, employee compensation and interest on debt). Business Cycles According to Amadeo (2018), there are 3 most important indicators that tell the business cycle phase the country is operating at; growth rate of GDP, Unemployment rate and inflation. These three indicators should be compared from a year to another to determine the economic growth and thus to help in the implementation of the appropriate policies. Positive growth indicates an expansion phase whereas negative growth indicates a recession (Msmf.com, 2017). Since the great recession of 2007-09, the US has been on the recovery process. US labor productivity, growth of output and hours worked The graph above provided by the US bureau of statistics shows that the US economy has not fully recovered from the impacts of the global recession as it is still operating below the average cycle (Sprague, 2017). The table below shows that the US economy has been on an expansion phase for the five years under analysis; growth rate is positive, unemployment low and inflation rate also low. Table: US Business cycles from 2012-2016 Year GDP Growth Unemployment Rate Inflation Business Cycle Phase 2012 2.2% 7.8% 1.7% Expansion. 2013 1.7% 6.7% 1.5% Expansion. 2014 2.6% 5.6% 0.8% Expansion. 2015 2.9% 5.0% 0.7% Low oil prices. Strong dollar.Fed raised rate. 2016 1.5% 4.7% 2.1% Year GDP Growth Unemployment Rate Inflation Business Cycle Phase 2012 3.6% 5.2% 1.8% Expansion. 2013 2.1% 5.7% 2.5% Expansion. 2014 2.8% 6.1% 2.5% Expansion. 2015 2.4% 6.1% 1.5% Expansion. 2016 2.5% 5.7% 1.3% Expansion. Source: FocusEconomics.com (2018) According to Tang (2017), Australia has been on the expansion phase for many years. PPF Concept The United States economic performance is better than Australian when considering the production possibility frontier (PPF). According to Perera (2016), individuals have unlimited needs and wants and thus the resources available are not enough to meet these needs and wants and thus the economy has to make the right choices to maximize their production of goods and services. The United States is a more developed country compared to Australia, it has more factor resources, advanced technology and increased productivity that enables it to produce close to the PPF. Points A, B and C are along the PPF and are the efficient points. It can be argued that no country have efficient utilization of available resources since that country should be operating at full employment level. Since the employment level in US is lower than that of Australia, the US can be said to be closer to the efficient level than Australia as positioned on the above graph. The US can thus be considered to have more resources than Australia and is better employing them to increase productivity. GDP of the United States and Australia in comparison GDP is always provided in the National currency; Australian Dollar for Australia and US Dollar for the US. However, from the data I collected from the IMF, I converted the Australian Dollars to US dollars at the current exchange rate in order to get a clear comparison; both the US and Australian GDP in the graph above are in Billions of US Dollar. As it can be observed from the graph, the US GDP is way higher in comparison to that of Australia. The trend for the US GDP is also heading upwards whereas that of Australia in nearly horizontal. The upward trend is indicating a growth in economic performance during the 5 year period for the US and a sluggish growth for Australia. This GDP data is clearly indicating that the production of goods and services in the US in monetary value is much greater than that of Australia. GDP per capital is estimated at constant prices in the national currency units; however, the units of Australian dollars have been converted to US dollars. From the graph above, one can easily note that the trend for GDP per capital for both countries looks alike and is heading upwards. This indicates that it is growing for both countries. However, the units for the US GDP per Capita are much greater than for Australia. This can also be concluded that the US is performing better than Australia in terms of GDP per capita. How the components of GDP has impacted the GDP of both the US and Australia Since similar components are used in the computation of GDP, any increment in any of the component leads to an increment in GDP. On the other hand, when any of the components shrink, GDP also falls. For instance, the net export for the US is very poor compared to Australia according to the IMF data. This means that the net export has very little contribution to the US GDP than for Australia. Since the unemployment rate in the US is lower than in Asutralia, it means that most people have incomes to spend on goods and services; this explains the big contribution of consumption component in US GDP. The expansion of output and increased demand by households since they have incomes has contributed much to US GDP than for Australia since it has led to increased business investments on expansion. When unemployment rate is low, the government revenues rise and this explains why the US government is able to spend more than Australia. Comparison of Economic Growth between US and Australia From the above graph, it can be concluded that the US economy growth rate was lower than that of Australia despite the better performance in other indicators. Both countries were in an expansion phase during this period because their GDP growth rate was positive for all the years. From the data obtained from the IMF, both the US and Australian GDP rose from 2012 2016. The inflation rate for both countries also rose during this period. The major difference was on the unemployment rate, while it was on a falling trend for the US, it was on a rising trend for the Australian economy. In summary, it can be concluded that the US economys economic performance from 2012 2016 was better than that of Australia. References Amadeo, K. (2018). U.S. GDP Growth Rate by Year Compared to Inflation and Unemployment: What Really Influenced U.S. Growth Through History? [Online] The Balance. Available at: https://www.thebalance.com/u-s-gdp-growth-3306008 [Accessed 26 Jan. 2018]. FocusEconomics.com (2018). Australia Economic Outlook. [Online] FocusEconomics.com. Available at: https://www.focus-economics.com/countries/australia [Accessed 26 Jan. 2018]. Imf.org (2018). Report for Selected Countries and Subjects. [Online] Imf.org. Available at: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=66pr.y=9sy=2012ey=2016scsm=1ssd=1sort=countryds=.br=1c=193%2C111s=NGDP_R%2CNGDPRPC%2CNID_NGDP%2CPCPIPCH%2CTM_RPCH%2CTX_RPCH%2CLUR%2CGGR%2CBCAgrp=0a= [Accessed 24 Jan. 2018]. Mathews, R. (2012). GDP and the US Economy: 3 Ways to Measure Economic Production. [Online] Mic.com. Available at: https://mic.com/articles/14943/gdp-and-the-us-economy-3-ways-to-measure-economic-production#.caMGFi6qL [Accessed 25 Jan. 2018]. Msmf.com (2017). The U.S. Business Cycle: Where We Are and What Does It Mean? [Online] Msmf.com. Available at: https://www.msmf.com/blog/the-u-s-business-cycle-where-are-we-and-what-does-it-mean [Accessed 26 Jan. 2018]. Perera, G. (2016). What is PPF in Economics? [Online] Pediaa.Com. Available at: https://pediaa.com/what-is-ppf-in-economics/ [Accessed 25 Jan. 2018]. Ross, S. (2018). How do you calculate GDP with the Income Approach? [Online] Investopedia. Available at: https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/070715/how-do-you-calculate-gdp-income-approach.asp [Accessed 25 Jan. 2018]. Sprague, S. (2017). Below trend: the U.S. productivity slowdown since the Great Recession. [Online] Bls.gov. Available at: https://www.bls.gov/opub/btn/volume-6/below-trend-the-us-productivity-slowdown-since-the-great-recession.htm [Accessed 26 Jan. 2018]. Tang, E. (2017). Australia has experienced the longest period of economic growth in the developed world. [Online] Austrade.gov.au. Available at: https://www.austrade.gov.au/news/economic-analysis/australia-has-experienced-the-longest-economic-growth-among-major-developed-world [Accessed 26 Jan. 2018]. Tribe, J. (2011). The Economics of Recreation, Leisure and Tourism. Routledge. World Bank (2013). Measuring the real size of the world economy: the framework, methodology, and results of the International Comparison Program--ICP. Washington, DC: World Bank

Molar Mass Determination by Depression free essay sample

The most commonly used liquid is water. In this experiment we study the equilibria that can exist between pure water and an aqueous solution, and ice, the solid form of water. The heat will transfer from a higher temperature toa lower temperature. In order for water to change states of matter, it takes a certain amount of kinetic energy or heat. The shift from ice to water (solid to a liquid) is called the heat of fusion. The shift from water to ice is called the freezing point of water, which the standard is usually OOC. This is the point in which water and ice are at equilibrium. The freezing point Tf0, the vapor pressure of water and ice must be equal. If you add a soluble liquid or solid to the equilibrium mixture, the temperature of the ice and the solution will fall until it reaches equilibrium. The vapor pressure of water at OOC is less than that of a pure liquid. We will write a custom essay sample on Molar Mass Determination by Depression or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The temperature of the new solution will change the in which it reaches equilibrium or the new freezing point Tf. The new reezing point will be below the freezing point of the pure liquid. ATf is called the freezing point depression, which is the change in freezing point. Tflnal Tinitial = ATf . The freezing point depression is one of the colligative properties of a solution. Colligative properties include boiling point elevation, osmotic pressure, and vapor pressure lowering. When considering colligative properties it is easier to work on Molality. Molality is the solute concentration. Molality of A = no. of moles A dissolved/ no. of kg solvent in solution The boiling point elevation, Tb kbm = ATb , and the freezing point epression Tf kfm = ATf , uses the concentration. Kb and Kf are characteristics of the solvent used. They use these characteristics to find the molar mass of an unknown substance. Finding an unknown, finding two different concentrations, then with the molar mass we can associate if the solution is ionic. The ratio of the true molar mass to the value you find is equal toa quantity. If the molar mass is less than an actual value you have a ionic compound. Hoff factor is the apparent percentage dissociation. Procedure: 1. Determine the freezing point of pure water. 2. Water-ice mixture you need to add a known amount of one of you unknowns 3. Estimate the mass of your liquid to add to the mixture. 4. Measure water ice solution 5. Add solid to a water-ice mixture 6. Record mass 7. Make second molar mass measurement for you liquid unknown 8. Determine molar mass 9. Figure out % dissociation A. Freezing point (oc) pure liquid (H20) 0. 0 B. Object : Mass: (grams) Styrofoam cup 1. 72 Beaker 101. 12 Liquid Trial 1 Trial 2 Mass of liquid (grams) 9. 99 7. 96 Temperature fallen (oc) -3. 9 -3. 2 Overall mass (grams) 1 50. 29 146. 2 ATF (oc) 3. 9 3. 2 Molality 2. 10 Mass unknown 2 Mass of water final mass liquid Styrofoam cup) 138. 8 136. 52 ot solution 72. 09 58. 306 Molar Mass 34. 33 33. 90 c. Object Mass (grams) Solid (unknown 2) Mass of solid (grams) 10. 0 5. 94 -2. 5 Final Mass (grams) 195. 85 167. 75 2. 5 1 . 34 Mass solid 10 (final mass solid Styrofoam cup) 184. 13 160. 09 1 kg 54. 31 37. 10 31 . 58 27. 69 Calculation for C. Actual = 74. 55 74. 55/29. 635 = 2. 5 1=3. 5 = 3. 5-1 x 100= 250% average molar mass (31. 58+27. 6 9/2) x 250% = 75. 56 Discussion: Molar mass is a colligative property. This property allows us to study the change in states of matter and fgure out the solution. The molality of a solution gives us the concentration of the unknown. We then use the freezing point depression to establish the molality of the new substance compared to water. The 1 kgsolution gives us a concentration to establish the molar mass. If the concentration is below the actual value it is an ionic compound. This experiment was for nonvolatile substances. During this experiment, we were given a deeper understanding on how vapor pressure affects the state of matter, which a substance can affect the point in which a solution freezes. The solution changes the intermolecular forces.